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Why does Sound Travel Better with the Wind?

Michael Anissimov
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Updated: May 21, 2024
Views: 20,094
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You may have noticed that you can hear a sound better if it comes from downwind rather than upwind. We assume that this is because the wind "pushes the noise along." Unfortunately for our intuitions, it can easily be shown that this force is too small to account for the observed effect.

The speed of sound in air is about 760 miles per hour (1,223 kph). If a typical wind is blowing at 30 mph, this is only 4% of the speed of sound, meaning that wind can only shorten or increase the distance a given sound needs to travel by that amount. The difference would be too subtle to be detected by the human ear, so obviously this does not uncover the source of the phenomenon.

The actual solution is attached to a property physicists called viscosity. Due to viscosity, wind velocity near the ground is actually slower than velocity at higher altitudes. Collisions between air molecules and the ground give rise to turbulence effects that prevent waves from being transmitted along this air level as quickly.

If air has a uniform temperature, the change in viscosity with altitude causes a sound wave to accelerate along the top layers of air. This causes the wave to tip downwards, which makes it more audible to a human listener. This redirecting-phenomenon is called refraction. When the wave is moving against the wind, it is refracted in the opposite direction — upwards. In fact, if you were hovering above the ground in an area upwind from the source, you would hear the sound quite clearly, because of the reflection of waves in your direction.

In an area with uniform temperature and no wind, sound waves always travel outwards at equal speeds from the source. As we have seen, this is not always the case.

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Michael Anissimov
By Michael Anissimov
Michael Anissimov is a dedicated All The Science contributor and brings his expertise in paleontology, physics, biology, astronomy, chemistry, and futurism to his articles. An avid blogger, Michael is deeply passionate about stem cell research, regenerative medicine, and life extension therapies. His professional experience includes work with the Methuselah Foundation, Singularity Institute for Artificial Intelligence, and Lifeboat Foundation, further showcasing his commitment to scientific advancement.
Discussion Comments
By anon41224 — On Aug 13, 2009

I think the article could have been written more clearly. The only reason to mention viscosity and turbulence is to establish that wind travels faster aloft. (We could account for this in terms of drag -- and leave out turbulence and viscosity.) Since it does, sound traveling with the wind travels faster aloft so sound waves are therefore refracted toward the earth. Sound traveling against the wind travels faster along the earth than aloft, and so is refracted upward -- over the upwind listener's head.

Michael Anissimov
Michael Anissimov
Michael Anissimov is a dedicated All The Science contributor and brings his expertise in paleontology, physics, biology...
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